A COMPETITIVE FRAMEWORK FOR THE ELECTRICITY AND GAS SECTORS IN SINGAPORE
http://www.usembassysingapore.org.sg/embassy/politics/Electricity.html

"On April 1, 2001 Singapore implemented a new competitive framework for the electricity generation and distribution sector as well as the gas importation and distribution sector, and instituted a new regulatory body for the sector, the Energy Market Authority (EMA). Also on April 1, two power generation facilities that were previously subsidiaries of Singapore Power became independent (although still state-owned) entities, setting the stage for their eventual privatization. The new framework is contained in several pieces of legislation passed March 16 by the Singapore Parliament. The legislation, which includes the Electricity Act, Energy Market Authority of Singapore Act, the Gas Act, and the Public Utilities Act, also removes limits on foreign ownership in the electricity and gas sectors. The transmission grid will remain a regulated state-owned monopoly. Competition in electricity distribution to larger customers will be opened in stages to full competition by the end of 2001, and to all customers by 2003. Singapore's deregulation process for the electricity sector, and the new legislation, draws from the experiences of the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada. Officials have taken pains to say that it avoids problems experienced in California."

An Introduction to Australia's National Electricity Market
http://www.nemmco.com.au/publications/whitebook/introbook.htm

"Over the past 200 years, society has become increasingly reliant on energy to function and develop. Energy exists in many forms and can be changed or converted but never created or destroyed. Electrical energy is the most common form of energy used because of the ease with which it can be transported and converted to heat and light, and used to power machines. In Australia, most of our electricity is produced from coal in a process where coal (chemical energy) is burnt to heat water and produce steam (internal energy). This steam is forced under great pressure through a turbine (kinetic energy) that turns a generator to produce electricity (electrical energy). In a similar way, hydro-electricity converts the kinetic energy of falling water to electrical energy, when the falling water drives turbine blades."

APEC Energy Pricing Practices - Natural Gas End-Use Prices
http://ns.ieej.or.jp/aperc/2001/Pricing.pdf

"The natural gas industry is one of the markets in which reforms and restructuring are actively taking place. Also, diverse pricing policies and regulations are applied over the APEC region and, particularly, subsidies and cross-subsidies are believed to exist in some sectors of the market to enhance market development or for other social policy objectives. However, the issue of the merits of subsidisation or cross-subsidisation has been controversial in terms of the notions of both efficiency and equity. Therefore, it was considered useful to investigate the natural gas pricing practices in the APEC member economies in the context of market reforms and subsidisation. This study surveys the theory and practices on end-use natural gas pricing in the APEC region, with attention being paid especially to the issues of subsidies and cross-subsidies."

Arguments on the Construction of PBMR Reactors in South Africa
http://www.earthlife.org.za/campaigns/toxics/pmbr.htm#market

"This paper examines the arguments for and against the development by the nationally owned utility, Eskom, of a small modular nuclear power reactor, the Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (PBMR), for construction in South Africa and for export."

Australia - Electricity Industry Restructuring
http://www.aph.gov.au/library/pubs/bp/1997-98/98bp21.htm

"This chronology aims to bring together the reforms in the electricity industry which have taken place, or been proposed, between 1949 and 2003 and show, to some extent where the industry is heading in developing a competitive market. As timetables for restructure are so variable throughout the country, the chronology is arranged according to the Federal situation and the State situation. The Snowy Mountains is treated as a 'State' for the purposes of this chronology because of its joint ownership by the Commonwealth, New South Wales and Victoria. For more comprehensive reading on the industry reforms, this chronology should be read in conjunction with the Department of the Parliamentary Library, Research Paper No. 14, 1997-98, Electricity Industry Restructuring: the State of Play by Mike Roarty."

Australia - State Government Electricity Task Force June Report
http://www.treasury.sa.gov.au/nem/report.html

"The South Australian NEM Task Force was established by the South Australian Government because of a number of National Electricity Market (NEM) issues which were causing particular concern to South Australia. These included: significantly increased costs to business customers 1 (currently, approximately 3000 South Australian businesses are facing electricity market contract prices some 30% to 35% higher on average than the Government established, regulated transition tariff set in 1999 and which expires on 30 June 2001); high spot prices in South Australia and the volatile movements in spot price bidding and rebidding practices in the NEM; the tight supply/demand balance in South Australia; constraints on the Victoria to South Australia interconnector (the Heywood interconnector) distribution outages experienced during the previous hot summer. The retail cost of power in South Australia is higher than was anticipated and Government, industry and the public are concerned that this not be a long-term situation. Therefore, the Task Force was asked to examine how best to address the current pricing issues and, importantly, the longer term market issues facing South Australia within the NEM."